13^th World Heart Congress

Cardiology case reports give an appropriate assemblage for all cardiologists by rendering their important clinical cases of late occurrence. Studying from medical cases provides valuable experience for clinicians, students and paramedical staff -members. Rare medical reports and conditions discovered through the latest methods of examination are reinforced. Furthermore, studying diagnostic methods from medical cases and interpretation of symptoms is significant to train and increase the processes which are being used in the clinical field.

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is a non-surgical procedure used to treat narrowing (stenosis) of the coronary arteries of the heart found in coronary artery disease. After accessing the blood stream through the femoral or radial artery, the procedure uses coronary catheterization to visualise the blood vessels on X-ray imaging. After this, an interventional cardiologist can perform a coronary angioplasty, using a balloon catheter in which a deflated balloon is advanced into the obstructed artery and inflated to relieve the narrowing; certain devices such as stents can be deployed to keep the blood vessel open. Various other procedures can also be performed.  When coronary artery disease causes chest pain or a heart attack, percutaneous coronary interventions, such as angioplasty alone or with a stent, can restore blood flow to your heart.

Cardiovascular pharmacology encompasses medications targeting the heart and blood vessels, crucial in treating various cardiovascular diseases. Drugs like beta-blockers regulate heart rate and blood pressure, managing conditions like hypertension and arrhythmias. Calcium channel blockers relax blood vessels, reducing workload on the heart and treating hypertension and angina. ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers dilate blood vessels, lowering blood pressure and preventing heart failure progression. Antiplatelet agents like aspirin inhibit clot formation, reducing risk of heart attack and stroke. Lipid-lowering drugs such as statins lower cholesterol levels, preventing atherosclerosis. Understanding these medications is pivotal in managing cardiovascular disorders and improving patient outcomes.

Cardiovascular Engineering is a wide spectrum of research, from basic to transitive in all attributes of cardiovascular physiology and medical treatment. The distribution of research that utilizes engineering principles and methods to enhance basic knowledge and technological solutions related to cardiovascular system. Coverage ranges from subcellular to systems level topics, including other implantable medical devices such as hemodynamics, tissue biomechanics, functional imaging, surgical devices, electrical physiology, tissue engineering and regenerative methods, diagnostic tools, transmission and delivery of biologics and biosensors.

Cardiac Regeneration is a broad effort and comes into existence when the cardiac tissue is damaged and failed to regenerate the myocardium. Where the main principle behind cardiac regeneration is Reparative stem cells have the capability to restore function to damaged tissue by renewing cell growth in cardiac cells destroyed by heart disease. Reparative tools have been engineered to restore damaged heart tissue and function using the body's natural ability to regenerate. Current therapies includes such as adult stem and precursor cells, nuclear dynamics of the heart growth, Reprogramming Fibroblasts to Cardiomyocytes, Stem cells and cell therapy.

Cardiac nursing is a specialized field focusing on caring for patients with heart conditions. Cardiac nurses play a vital role in managing, monitoring, and educating patients about their cardiac health. They administer medications, monitor vital signs, and assist with diagnostic tests and procedures like ECGs and stress tests. Cardiac nurses also provide emotional support to patients and their families, helping them cope with the challenges of living with heart disease. Their expertise extends to recognizing and responding to cardiac emergencies, ensuring timely intervention. With their comprehensive knowledge and compassionate care, cardiac nurses contribute significantly to improving the quality of life for patients with heart conditions.

Molecular and Cellular Cardiology is a new and fast-growing area of cardiovascular medicine that aims to apply molecular biology techniques for the mechanistic investigation, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. As an emerging discipline, it has changed conceptual thinking of cardiovascular development, disease etiology and pathophysiology and advancing knowledge of the mechanisms responsible for both normal and diseased cardiovascular function.

Clinical Cardiology includes studies appertain to cardiac diseases viz., congenital heart diseases, coronary artery disease, heart failure, cardiovascular heart disease, and their epidemiology and pathophysiology of the heart. The therapeutic procedures involving diagnosis and management of cardiac diseases like electrophysiology, cardiovascular devices, cardiac regeneration, cardiac medicine, cardiac surgery, and identification of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases.

Pediatric cardiology is a specialized branch of medicine dedicated to diagnosing and treating heart conditions in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatric cardiologists possess expertise in assessing congenital heart defects, arrhythmias, and other cardiac abnormalities unique to young patients. They utilize advanced diagnostic tools like echocardiography and cardiac catheterization to evaluate heart function and structure accurately. Treatment may involve medication management, surgical interventions, or cardiac catheterization procedures tailored to the child's specific needs. Pediatric cardiologists work closely with multidisciplinary teams to provide comprehensive care, ensuring optimal outcomes and improved quality of life for young patients with cardiac conditions.

The cardiac electrophysiology study(EPS) typically measures the response of the injured or cardiomyopathic myocardium to programmed electrical stimulation on specific pharmacological regimens in order to assess the likelihood that the regimen will successfully prevent potentially fatal sustained ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation in the future. Such studies may also be conducted in the presence of a newly implanted or newly replaced cardiac pacemaker or automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillators.

An arrhythmia is a problem with the rate or rhythm of your heartbeat. It means that your heart beats too quickly, too slowly, or with an irregular pattern. When the heart beats faster than normal, it is called tachycardia. When the heart beats too slowly, it is called bradycardia. The most common type of arrhythmia is atrial fibrillation, which causes an irregular and fast heartbeat. Many factors can affect your heart's rhythm, such as having had a heart attack, smoking, congenital heart defects, and stress. Some substances or medicines may also cause arrhythmias.

Hypertension, commonly known as high blood pressure, is a chronic medical condition characterized by elevated blood pressure levels persistently exceeding normal limits. It's a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases like heart attacks and strokes. Hypertension often presents with no symptoms, making regular blood pressure monitoring crucial for early detection and management. Lifestyle modifications such as dietary changes, exercise, and stress reduction are primary interventions. Additionally, medications like diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers may be prescribed to control blood pressure and reduce the risk of associated complications.

Cardiac surgery encompasses surgical procedures performed on the heart or great vessels to treat various conditions, including coronary artery disease, valvular heart disease, and congenital heart defects. Common procedures include coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), valve repair or replacement, and congenital heart defect repair. These surgeries aim to improve blood flow, correct structural abnormalities, and restore optimal heart function. Advancements in surgical techniques and technology have led to safer procedures with improved outcomes, enhancing the quality of life for patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

Cardiovascular medicine is a branch of healthcare dedicated to diagnosing, treating, and preventing diseases affecting the heart and blood vessels. It encompasses a wide range of conditions, including coronary artery disease, heart failure, arrhythmias, and vascular diseases. Cardiovascular medicine utilizes various diagnostic tools such as echocardiography, cardiac catheterization, and stress testing to assess heart function and structure. Treatment approaches may include lifestyle modifications, medications, interventional procedures, and surgical interventions, aiming to optimize cardiovascular health and reduce the risk of complications.

Heart failure, sometimes known as congestive heart failure, occurs when your heart muscle doesn't pump blood as well as it should. Certain conditions, such as narrowed arteries in your heart (coronary artery disease) or high blood pressure, gradually leave your heart too weak or stiff to fill and pump efficiently. Not all conditions that lead to heart failure can be reversed, but treatments can improve the signs and symptoms of heart failure and help you live longer. Lifestyle changes such as exercising, reducing salt in your diet, managing stress and losing weight can improve your quality of life. One way to prevent heart failure is to control conditions that cause heart failure, such as coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, diabetes or obesity.

Heart disease describes a range of conditions that affect the heart. Diseases under the heart disease includes blood vessel diseases, such as coronary artery disease; heart rhythm problems (arrhythmias); and heart defects you're born with (congenital heart defects), among others. Heart disease term is often used interchangeably with the cardiovascular disease. It generally refers to conditions that involve narrowed or blocked blood vessels that can lead to a heart failure, chest pain (angina) or stroke. Other heart conditions, such as those that affect your heart's muscle, valves or rhythm, also are considered forms of heart disease. Many forms of heart disease can be prevented or treated with healthy lifestyle choices.